#Start the postgresql service
shell> systemctl start postgresql-${version}
#Stop the postgresql service
shell> systemctl stop postgresql-${version}
#Restart the postgresql service
shell> systemctl restart postgresql-${version}
After creating an instance, initially connect as follows.
#Log in after switching the account to postgres
shell> su - postgres
shell> psql
The provided image port is 5432, which is the PostgreSQL default port. For security reasons, it is recommended to change the port.
shell> vi /var/lib/pgsql/${version}/data/postgresql.conf
#Enter the port to use in the postgresql.conf file.
port =port name to use
#Save vi editor
#Restart the postgresql service
shell> systemctl restart postgresql-${version}
#Connect to the changed port as follows
shell> psql -p [changed port number]
The default time zone logged in the server log is set to UTC. It is recommended to change it to be the same as the SYSTEM local time.
shell> vi /var/lib/pgsql/${version}/data/postgresql.conf
#Enter the time zone to use in the postgresql.conf file.
log_timezone =time zone to use
#Save vi editor
#Restart the postgresql service
shell> systemctl restart postgresql-${version}
#Connect to postgresql
shell> psql
#Confirm changed settings
postgres=# SHOW log_timezone;
By default, all users are granted CREATE and USAGE privileges for the public schema, so users who can access the database can create objects in the public schema. It is recommended to revoke the privileges to prevent all users from creating objects in the public schema.
#Connect to postgresql
shell> psql
#Execute the command to revoke the privilege
postgres=# REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA public FROM PUBLIC;
To allow access from connections other than localhost, you need to change the listen_addresses variable and the client authentication configuration file.
shell> vi /var/lib/pgsql/${version}/data/postgresql.conf
#Specify the addresses to allow in the postgresql.conf file.
#0.0.0.0 to allow all IPv4 addresses
#:: to allow all IPv6 addresses
#* to allow any address
listen_addresses =Addresses to allow
#Save vi editor
shell> vi /var/lib/pgsql/${version}/data/pg_hba.conf
#Client authentication control by IP address format
#Older client libraries do not support the scram-sha-256 method, so it needs to be changed to md5
# TYPE DATABASE USER ADDRESS METHOD
# IPv4 local connections:
host all all 127.0.0.1/32 scram-sha-256
host Allowed DB Allowed user Allowed address scram-sha-256
# IPv6 local connections:
host all all ::1/128 scram-sha-256
host Allowed DB Allowed user Allowed address scram-sha-256
#Restart the postgresql service
shell> systemctl restart postgresql-${version}
PostgreSQL directory and file descriptions are given below.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| postgresql.cnf | /var/lib/pgsql/{version}/data/postgresql.cnf |
| initdb.log | PostgreSQL database cluster creation log - /var/lib/pgsql/{version}/initdb.log |
| DATADIR | PostgreSQL data file path - /var/lib/pgsql/{version}/data/ |
| LOG | PostgreSQL log file path - /var/lib/pgsql/{version}/data/log/*.log |
# Start the MySQL service
shell> sudo systemctl start mysql
# Stop the MySQL service
shell> sudo systemctl stop mysql
# Start the MySQL service
shell> sudo systemctl restart mysql
After creating an instance, initially connect as follows.
shell> mysql -u root
After changing the password, connect as follows.
shell> mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
There's no password on root user on initial installation. Therefore, it is required to set password as soon as possible.
mysql> ALTER USER USER() IDENTIFIED BY 'NEW PASSWORD';
Default MySQL validate_password_policy is as below: * validate_password_policy=MEDIUM * Must be more than 8 characters, and include numbers, lower/upper cases, and special characters.
After initial installation, the port is 3306, which is MySQL's default port. For security reasons, it is recommended to change the port.
/etc/my.cnf fileSpecify the port you want to use in the /etc/my.cnf file.
shell> sudo vi /etc/my.cnf
port=[port address to change]
Restart the instance for the port change to take effect.
sudo systemctl restart mysqld
# Start the MariaDB service
shell> sudo systemctl start mariadb.service
# Stop the MariaDB service
shell> sudo systemctl stop mariadb.service
# Restart the MariaDB service
shell> sudo systemctl restart mariadb.service
After creating an instance, initially connect as follows.
shell> sudo mysql -u root
After changing the password, connect as follows.
shell> mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
After initial installation, the MariaDB root account password is not set. Therefore, you must set a password after installation.
SET PASSWORD [FOR user] = password_option
MariaDB> SET PASSWORD = PASSWORD('password');
After initial installation, the port is 3306, which is MariaDB's default port. For security reasons, it is recommended to change the port.
/etc/my.cnf.d/servfer.cnf fileOpen the /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf file and enter the port address to change under [mariadb] as follows.
shell> sudo vi /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf
[mariadb]
port=[port address to change]
Restart the instance for the port change to take effect.
sudo systemctl restart mariadb.service
You can start or stop the CUBRID service as follows by logging in with the “cubrid” Linux account.
# Start the CUBRID service/server
shell> sudo su - cubrid
shell> cubrid service start
shell> cubrid server start demodb
# Stop the CUBRID service/server
shell> sudo su - cubrid
shell> cubrid server stop demodb
shell> cubrid service stop
# Restart the CUBRID service/server
shell> sudo su - cubrid
shell> cubrid server restart demodb
shell> cubrid service restart
# Start/stop/restart the CUBRID broker
shell> sudo su - cubrid
shell> cubrid broker start
shell> cubrid broker stop
shell> cubrid broker restart
After creating an instance, connect as follows.
shell> sudo su - cubrid
shell> csql -u dba demodb@localhost
After initial installation, the CUBRID dba account password is not set. Therefore, you must set a password after installation.
shell> csql -u dba -c "ALTER USER dba PASSWORD 'new_password'" demodb@localhost
The broker port for query_editor defaults to 30000, and the broker port for broker1 defaults to 33000. For security reasons, it is recommended to change the port.
Open the /opt/cubrid/conf/cubrid\_broker.conf file and enter the port address to change as follows.
shell> vi /opt/cubrid/conf/cubrid_broker.conf
[%query_editor]
BROKER_PORT =[port address to change]
[%BROKER1]
BROKER_PORT =[port address to change]
Restart the broker for the port change to take effect.
shell> cubrid broker restart
[Note] This guide is created based on Kafka version 3.3.1. If you are using a different version, please makes changes accordingly. For the instance flavor, please choose c1m2 (CPU 1core, Memory 2GB) or higher specifications.
# Start Zookeeper, Kafka broker (Zookeeper first)
shell> sudo systemctl start zookeeper.service
shell> sudo systemctl start kafka.service
# Stop Zookeeper, Kafka broker (Kafka broker first)
shell> sudo systemctl stop kafka.service
shell> sudo systemctl stop zookeeper.service
# Restart Zookeeper, Kafka broker
shell> sudo systemctl restart zookeeper.service
shell> sudo systemctl restart kafka.service
Set security group
Direction: Inbound
IP protocol: TCP
Port: 22, 9092, 2181, 2888, 3888
How to check Hostname and IP
# Check Hostname
shell> hostname
# Check IP
Console screen
or shell> hostname -i
Example of executing the cluster installation script (enter the hostname and IP checked above)
shell> sh ~/.kafka_make_cluster.sh
Enter Cluster Node Count: 3
### 3 is odd number.
Enter Cluster's IP ( Cluster 1 ) : 10.0.0.1
Enter Cluster's HOST_NAME ( Cluster 1 ) : kafka1.novalocal
Enter Cluster's IP ( Cluster 2 ) : 10.0.0.2
Enter Cluster's HOST_NAME ( Cluster 2 ) : kafka2.novalocal
Enter Cluster's IP ( Cluster 3 ) : 10.0.0.3
Enter Cluster's HOST_NAME ( Cluster 3 ) : kafka3.novalocal
10.0.0.1 kafka1.novalocal
10.0.0.2 kafka2.novalocal
10.0.0.3 kafka3.novalocal
Check Cluster Node Info (y/n) y
Enter Pemkey's name: kafka.pem
ls: cannot access /tmp/kafka-logs: No such file or directory
ls: cannot access /tmp/zookeeper: No such file or directory
### kafka1.novalocal ( 10.0.0.1 ), Check if kafka is being used
### kafka1.novalocal ( 10.0.0.1 ), Store node information in the /etc/hosts directory.
### kafka1.novalocal ( 10.0.0.1 ), Modify zookeeper.properties.
### kafka1.novalocal ( 10.0.0.1 ), Modify server.properties.
ls: cannot access /tmp/kafka-logs: No such file or directory
ls: cannot access /tmp/zookeeper: No such file or directory
### kafka2.novalocal ( 10.0.0.2 ), Check if kafka is being used
### kafka2.novalocal ( 10.0.0.2 ), Store node information in the /etc/hosts directory.
### kafka2.novalocal ( 10.0.0.2 ), Modify zookeeper.properties.
### kafka2.novalocal ( 10.0.0.2 ), Modify server.properties.
ls: cannot access /tmp/kafka-logs: No such file or directory
ls: cannot access /tmp/zookeeper: No such file or directory
### kafka3.novalocal ( 10.0.0.3 ), Check if kafka is being used
### kafka3.novalocal ( 10.0.0.3 ), Store node information in the /etc/hosts directory.
### kafka3.novalocal ( 10.0.0.3 ), Modify zookeeper.properties.
### kafka3.novalocal ( 10.0.0.3 ), Modify server.properties.
### kafka1.novalocal ( 10.0.0.1 ), Start Zookeeper, Kafka.
### Zookeeper, Kafka process is running.
### kafka2.novalocal ( 10.0.0.2 ), Start Zookeeper, Kafka.
### Zookeeper, Kafka process is running.
### kafka3.novalocal ( 10.0.0.3 ), Start Zookeeper, Kafka.
### Zookeeper, Kafka process is running.
##### Cluster Installation Complete #####
After initial installation, the ports are 9092, which is the Kafka default port, and 2181, which is the Zookeeper default port. It is recommended to change the port for security.
Open the ~/kafka/config/zookeeper.properties file and enter the Zookeeper port to change in clientPort.
shell> vi ~/kafka/config/zookeeper.properties
clientPort=zookeeper port to change
Open the ~/kafka/config/server.properties file and enter the Kafka port to change in listeners.
How to check Instance IP
Private IP on the console screen
or shell> hostname -i
shell> vi ~/kafka/config/server.properties
# Uncomment
listeners=PLAINTEXT://Instance IP:kafka port to change
# Change Zookeeper port
zookeeper.connect=Instance IP:zookeeper port to change
---> If it is a cluster, change Zookeeper port of each instance IP
shell> sudo systemctl stop kafka.service
shell> sudo systemctl stop zookeeper.service
shell> sudo systemctl start zookeeper.service
shell> sudo systemctl start kafka.service
Check if the changed port is in use.
shell> netstat -ntl | grep [Kafka port]
shell> netstat -ntl | grep [Zookeeper port]
Create and query a topic
# Instance IP = Private IP / Kafka default port = 9092
# Create a topic
shell> ~/kafka/bin/kafka-topics.sh --create --bootstrap-server [Instance IP]:[Kafka PORT] --topic kafka
# Query a topic list
shell> ~/kafka/bin/kafka-topics.sh --list --bootstrap-server [Instance IP]:[Kafka PORT]
# Check the details of the topic
shell> ~/kafka/bin/kafka-topics.sh --describe --bootstrap-server [Instance IP]:[Kafka PORT] --topic kafka
# Delete a topic
shell> ~/kafka/bin/kafka-topics.sh --delete --bootstrap-server [Instance IP]:[Kafka PORT] --topic kafka
Create and use data
# Start producer
shell> ~/kafka/bin/kafka-console-producer.sh --broker-list [Instance IP]:[Kafka PORT] --topic kafka
# Start consumer
shell> ~/kafka/bin/kafka-console-consumer.sh --bootstrap-server [Instance IP]:[Kafka PORT] --from-beginning --topic kafka
# Start Redis
shell> sudo systemctl start redis
# Stop Redis
shell> sudo systemctl stop redis
# Restart Redis
shell> sudo systemctl restart redis
Connect to a Redis instance by using the redis-cli command.
shell> redis-cli
The default configuration file for a Redis instance is the ~/redis/redis.conf file. The description for the parameters to be changed is as follows.
127.0.0.1 -::1<private ip> 127.0.0.1 -::1Value for an IP used by Redis. To allow access to a Redis instance from outside the server, add a private IP to the parameter. You can check the private IP with the hostname -I command.
6379Port is 6379, a default value for Redis. It is recommended to change the port for security reasons. After changing the port, you can connect to Redis with the following command.
shell> redis-cli -p <new port>
nhncloudThe default password is nhncloud. For security reasons, it is recommended to change the password. If you are using replication connection, you must change the requirepass and masterauth values at the same time.
A Redis instance of NHN Cloud provides a script that automatically configures an HA environment. You can use the script only for a new instance immediately after installation, and cannot use after changing the set values from redis.conf.
To use the script, the following settings are required.
The instance running the installation script must have a key pair (PEM file) required to connect to other instances. The key pair can be copied as follows.
local> scp -i <key pair>.pem <key pair>.pem ubuntu@<floating ip>:/home/ubuntu/
The key pairs for created instances must be the same.
You must set a security group (Network > Security Groups) for communication between Redis instances. Create a security group with the following rules and apply it to a Redis instance.
| Direction | IP protocol | Port range | Ether | Remote |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inbound | TCP | 6379 | IPv4 | Instance IP(CIDR) |
| Inbound | TCP | 16379 | IPv4 | Instance IP(CIDR) |
| Inbound | TCP | 26379 | IPv4 | Instance IP(CIDR) |
You will need 3 Redis instances to configure Sentinel. After copying the key pair to the instance used as the master, run the script as follows.
shell> sh .redis_make_sentinel.sh
Enter the master name (= Master Name) to be used in the connection information and the private IP in turn. You can check the private IP of each instance with the hostname -I command.
shell> sh .redis_make_sentinel.sh
Enter Master's Name (ex> mymaster) : mymaster
Enter Master's IP: 192.168.0.33
Enter Replica-1's IP: 192.168.0.27
Enter Replica-2's IP: 192.168.0.97
Enter the file name of the copied key pair.
shell> Enter Pemkey's name: <key pair>.pem
6 Redis instances are required for Cluster configuration. After copying the key pair to the instance used as the master, run the script as follows.
shell> sh .redis_make_cluster.sh
Enter the private IPs of Redis instances used for a cluster in turn. You can check the private IP of each instance with the hostname -I command.
shell> sh .redis_make_cluster.sh
Enter cluster-1'IP: 192.168.0.79
Enter cluster-2'IP: 192.168.0.10
Enter cluster-3'IP: 192.168.0.33
Enter cluster-4'IP: 192.168.0.116
Enter cluster-5'IP: 192.168.0.91
Enter cluster-6'IP: 192.168.0.32
Enter the file name of the copied key pair.
shell> Enter Pemkey's name: <key pair>.pem
Enter yes to complete cluster configuration.
>>> Performing hash slots allocation on 6 nodes...
Master[0] -> Slots 0 - 5460
Master[1] -> Slots 5461 - 10922
Master[2] -> Slots 10923 - 16383
Adding replica 192.168.0.91:6379 to 192.168.0.79:6379
Adding replica 192.168.0.32:6379 to 192.168.0.10:6379
Adding replica 192.168.0.116:6379 to 192.168.0.33:6379
M: 0a6ee5bf24141f0058c403d8cc42b349cdc09752 192.168.0.79:6379
slots:[0-5460] (5461 slots) master
M: b5d078bd7b30ddef650d9a7fa9735e7648efc86f 192.168.0.10:6379
slots:[5461-10922] (5462 slots) master
M: 0da9b78108b6581bdb90002cbdde3506e9173dd8 192.168.0.33:6379
slots:[10923-16383] (5461 slots) master
S: 078b4ce014a52588e23577b3fc2dabf408723d68 192.168.0.116:6379
replicates 0da9b78108b6581bdb90002cbdde3506e9173dd8
S: caaae4ebd3584c0481205e472d6bd0f9dc5c574e 192.168.0.91:6379
replicates 0a6ee5bf24141f0058c403d8cc42b349cdc09752
S: ab2aa9e37cee48ef8e4237fd63e8301d81193818 192.168.0.32:6379
replicates b5d078bd7b30ddef650d9a7fa9735e7648efc86f
Can I set the above configuration? (type 'yes' to accept):
[OK] All nodes agree about slots configuration.
>>> Check for open slots...
>>> Check slots coverage...
[OK] All 16384 slots covered.
The installation path of Tomcat is as follows.
~/apps/apache-tomcat-{version}/
Tomcat is registered as a service by default during the initial installation process and is automatically started when the instance starts. You can use the command below to manually start or stop Tomcat.
#Start the tomcat service
shell> sudo systemctl start tomcat
#Stop the tomcat service
shell> sudo systemctl stop tomcat
#Restart the tomcat service
shell> sudo systemctl restart tomcat
Tomcat runs on port 8080, which is the default from initial installation. You can access the Tomcat default page by running the following command:
shell> curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8080
HTTP/1.1 200
Content-Type: text/html;charset=UTF-8
...
It runs with the default settings configured during initial installation. For security reasons, it is recommended to change the port.
server.xml fileOpen the ~/apps/apache-tomcat-{version}/conf/server.xml file and enter the port address to change in \<Connector>, as follows:
shell> vi ~/apps/apache-tomcat-{version}/conf/server.xml
...
<Connector port="{Port address to change}" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
connectionTimeout="20000"
redirectPort="8443" />
...
Restart the Tomcat service for the port change to take effect.
shell> sudo systemctl restart tomcat
The installation path of Node.js is as follows.
~/apps/node-{version}/
# Write the app.js example code
shell> echo "console.log('Hello World')" > app.js
# Run node
shell> node app.js
Hello World
To use the Deep Learning Framework, you must first create an image template.
From the service selection screen, go to Compute > Image Builder > Create Image Template.
Enter Image Template Name, select linux - Ubuntu - Server xx.xx LTS for OS, and set Minimum Block Storage to 70 GB or more.
If you select the options, you will see Deep Learning Framework in the screen.
After selecting the script, click the Confirm button. In the pop-up that appears, click the Create button.
After the image build is complete, click the GPU Instance button to actually create a GPU instance, and you will be taken to Compute > GPU Instance > Create GPU Instance.
When creating an instance, select the image built and created earlier to create an instance.
Deep Learning Framework Instance provides software as follows.
NVIDIA cuDNN contains source code provided by NVIDIA Corporation. License
After completing the setup, create an instance. For more information on instance creation, see Instance Overview.
Use the conda command to check the development environment installed by Miniconda.
$ conda info --envs
# conda environments:
#
/opt/intel/oneapi/intelpython/latest
/opt/intel/oneapi/intelpython/latest/envs/2021.4.0
base * /root/miniconda3
pt_py38 /root/miniconda3/envs/pt_py38
tf2_py38 /root/miniconda3/envs/tf2_py38
[Note]
For more detailed instructions, refer to Miniconda documentation.
First, activate the TensorFlow environment.
(base) root@b64e6a035884:~# conda activate tf2_py38
(tf2_py38) root@b64e6a035884:~#
Test TensorFlow training as follows:
$ cd ~/
$ git clone https://github.com/tensorflow/models.git
$ cd models
$ git checkout tags/v2.4.0
$ git status
HEAD detached at v2.4.0
nothing to commit, working tree clean
$ mkdir $HOME/models/model
$ mkdir $HOME/models/dataset
$ vim train.sh
#!/bin/bash
export PYTHONPATH=$HOME/models
export NCCL_DEBUG=INFO
MODEL_DIR=$HOME/models/model
DATA_DIR=$HOME/models/dataset
# Set when one or more GPU is used
NUM_GPUS=1 # Example: NUM_GPUS=2
python $HOME/models/official/vision/image_classification/mnist_main.py \
--model_dir=$MODEL_DIR \
--data_dir=$DATA_DIR \
--train_epochs=2 \
--distribution_strategy=mirrored \ # Set when one or more GPU is used
--num_gpus=$NUM_GPUS \ # Set when one or more GPU is used
--download
$ chmod +x train.sh
$ ./train.sh
[Note]
For more detailed instructions, refer to TensorFlow Tutorial.
First, activate the PyTorch environment.
(tf2_py38) root@b64e6a035884:~# conda deactivate
(base) root@b64e6a035884:~# conda activate pt_py38
(pt_py38) root@b64e6a035884:~#
Test PyTorch training as follows:
$ cd ~/
$ git clone https://github.com/pytorch/examples.git
$ cd examples/mnist
$ python main.py --epochs 1
[Note]
For more detailed instructions, refer to PyTorch Tutorial.
This component installs and sets up the MUNGE package, and installs the Slurm package. For details on how to run Slurm, see Slurm Installation Guide.
[Note]
All commands included in this section must be executed with the root privilege.
hosts fileOpen the /etc/hosts file and enter the IP and alias of the node to be configured in the cluster environment.
# vi /etc/hosts
hostname fileOpen the /etc/hostname file and match the alias of the current node with the alias in the hosts file.
# vi /etc/hostname
There is no default configuration applied initially, so you must write a configuration file. Write the configuration by referring to Slurm Configuration Guide and Slurm Configuration Tool, and save it in /etc/slurm/slurm.conf file.
The log file path must be specified as a directory under the /var/log/slurm/ path. If you want to specify a different path, you must specify the path in the configuration file and match the owner of the directory with the SlurmUser setting value.
You must configure all of the clusters and set the configuration before running Slurm. For more information, see Slurm Installation Guide and Slurm Quick Start Guide.
You can create an image that can be used as a worker node for NHN Kubernetes Service (NKS). For more information, see NKS User Guide.